Toplam 171 içerik listeleniyor
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Cells are crawling all over our bodies, but how?
For better and for worse, human health depends on a cell's motility –– the ability to crawl from place to place. In every human body, millions of cells –are crawling around doing mostly good deeds ––– though if any of those crawlers are cancerous, watch out.
https://www.biyologlar.com/cells-are-crawling-all-over-our-bodies-but-how -
Function of mysterious RNAs may often lie in their genes
Scientists from Penn Medicine and other institutions unlock a mystery about 'long non-coding RNAs'. A new genetic clue discovered by a team co-led by a researcher at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania is shedding light on the functions of the mysterious "long non-coding RNAs" (lncRNAs). These molecules are transcribed from genes and are often abundant in cells, yet they do not code for proteins. Their functions have been almost entirely unknown--and in recent...
https://www.biyologlar.com/function-of-mysterious-rnas-may-often-lie-in-their-genes-haber-8132 -
Cell stress inflames the gut
Over 3.5 million people in Europe and the US suffer from Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis – the two most common forms of IBD. Chronic bowel inflammation is caused by an overreaction of the immune system to the bacteria which naturally occur in the gut. "This overreaction can come about if, for example, the anti-stress mechanism in the cells of the intestinal mucosa does not function correctly," explains Prof. Dirk Haller of the TUM Chair of Nutrition and Immunology. What Prof. Haller is...
https://www.biyologlar.com/cell-stress-inflames-the-gut -
New discovery in living cell signaling
A breakthrough discovery into how living cells process and respond to chemical information could help advance the development of treatments for a large number of cancers and other cellular disorders that have been resistant to therapy. An international collaboration of researchers, led by scientists with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley, have unlocked the secret behind the activation of the...
https://www.biyologlar.com/new-discovery-in-living-cell-signaling -
Magnetic nanoparticles could be key to effective immunotherapy
In recent years, researchers have hotly pursued immunotherapy, a promising form of treatment that relies on harnessing and training the body's own immune system to better fight cancer and infection. Now, results of a study led by Johns Hopkins investigators suggests that a device composed of a magnetic column paired with custom-made magnetic nanoparticles may hold a key to bringing immunotherapy into widespread and successful clinical use. A summary of the research, conducted in mouse and human...
https://www.biyologlar.com/magnetic-nanoparticles-could-be-key-to-effective-immunotherapy -
Stem-cell-based strategy boosts immune system in mice
Raising hopes for cell-based therapies, UC San Francisco researchers have created the first functioning human thymus tissue from embryonic stem cells in the laboratory. The researchers showed that, in mice, the tissue can be used to foster the development of white blood cells the body needs to mount healthy immune responses and to prevent harmful autoimmune reactions. The scientists who developed the thymus cells — which caused the proliferation and maturation of functioning immune cells...
https://www.biyologlar.com/stem-cell-based-strategy-boosts-immune-system-in-mice -
Yassı Solucanların Anatomisi
Polycclad Yassı Solucanların Anatomisi İsmininin de önerdiği gibi, serbest yaşayan solucanlar dorso-ventrally yassılanmış olup birkaç milimetreden daha kalın değildirler Boyutlar bir milimetreden daha azdan balar ve 30 cm nin üzerine kadar uzanır. Çoğu polycladler son derece hassastırlar ve tipik olarak düz bir dorsal yüzey içeren ve/veya oval şekillerine sahiptirler. Bununlar birlikte, dorsal papillae (Acanthozoan, Thysomozoan) sergilerler. Solucanların...
https://www.biyologlar.com/yassi-solucanlarin-anatomisi -
Enzyme controlling metastasis of breast cancer identified
Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have identified an enzyme that controls the spread of breast cancer. The findings, reported in the current issue of PNAS, offer hope for the leading cause of breast cancer mortality worldwide. An estimated 40,000 women in America will die of breast cancer in 2014, according to the American Cancer Society. "The take-home message of the study is that we have found a way to target breast cancer metastasis through a pathway...
https://www.biyologlar.com/enzyme-controlling-metastasis-of-breast-cancer-identified -
Wisconsin scientists find genetic recipe to turn stem cells to blood
The ability to reliably and safely make in the laboratory all of the different types of cells in human blood is one key step closer to reality.
https://www.biyologlar.com/wisconsin-scientists-find-genetic-recipe-to-turn-stem-cells-to-blood -
Damaged DNA may stall patrolling molecule to initiate repair
Sites where DNA is damaged may cause a molecule that slides along the DNA strand to scan for damage to slow on its patrol, delaying it long enough to recognize and initiate repair. The finding suggests that the delay itself may be the key that allows the protein molecule to find its target, according to researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Usually, the repair protein zips along quickly, says Anjum Ansari, UIC professor of physics and co-principal investigator on the study,...
https://www.biyologlar.com/damaged-dna-may-stall-patrolling-molecule-to-initiate-repair -
Snake venom helps hydrogels stop the bleeding
A nanofiber hydrogel infused with snake venom may be the best material to stop bleeding quickly, according to Rice University scientists. The hydrogel called SB50 incorporates batroxobin, a venom produced by two species of South American pit viper. It can be injected as a liquid and quickly turns into a gel that conforms to the site of a wound, keeping it closed, and promotes clotting within seconds. Rice chemist Jeffrey Hartgerink, lead author Vivek Kumar and their colleagues reported their...
https://www.biyologlar.com/snake-venom-helps-hydrogels-stop-the-bleeding -
In a role reversal, RNAs proofread themselves
Cold Spring Harbor, NY - Building a protein is a lot like a game of telephone: information is passed along from one messenger to another, creating the potential for errors every step of the way. There are separate, specialized enzymatic machines that proofread at each step, ensuring that the instructions encoded in our DNA are faithfully translated into proteins. Scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have uncovered a new quality control mechanism along this path, but in a...
https://www.biyologlar.com/in-a-role-reversal-rnas-proofread-themselves -
Virginia Tech researchers take cue from spider glue in efforts to create new materials
A taut tug on the line signals the arrival of dinner, and the leggy spider dashes across the web to find a tasty squirming insect. The spider, known as an orb weaver, must perfectly execute this moment, from a lightning-fast reaction to an artfully spun web glistening with sticky glue. This glue -- created when glycoproteins are secreted from a spider's abdomen and interact with the atmosphere -- has been studied for the past 12 years by Brent Opell, a professor of biological sciences in the...
https://www.biyologlar.com/virginia-tech-researchers-take-cue-from-spider-glue-in-efforts-to-create-new-materials -
Functional human liver cells grown in the lab
In new research appearing in the prestigious journal Nature Biotechnology, an international research team led by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem describes a new technique for growing human hepatocytes in the laboratory. This groundbreaking development could help advance a variety of liver-related research and applications, from studying drug toxicity to creating bio-artificial liver support for patients awaiting transplantations. The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body,...
https://www.biyologlar.com/functional-human-liver-cells-grown-in-the-lab -
Neurons constantly rewrite their DNA
Johns Hopkins scientists have discovered that neurons are risk takers: They use minor "DNA surgeries" to toggle their activity levels all day, every day. Since these activity levels are important in learning, memory and brain disorders, the researchers think their finding will shed light on a range of important questions. A summary of the study will be published online in the journal Nature Neuroscience on April 27. "We used to think that once a cell reaches full maturation, its DNA is totally...
https://www.biyologlar.com/neurons-constantly-rewrite-their-dna -
How an RNA gene silences a whole chromosome
Researchers at Caltech have discovered how an abundant class of RNA genes, called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs, pronounced link RNAs) can regulate key genes. By studying an important lncRNA, called Xist, the scientists identified how this RNA gathers a group of proteins and ultimately prevents women from having an extra functional X-chromosome--a condition in female embryos that leads to death in early development. These findings mark the first time that researchers have uncovered the detailed...
https://www.biyologlar.com/how-an-rna-gene-silences-a-whole-chromosome -
Discovery of an unexpected function of a protein linked to neurodegenerative diseases
Until today, the proteins known as ubiquitin receptors have been associated mainly with protein degradation, a basic cell cleaning process. A new function now described for the protein dDsk2 by the team headed by Ferran Azorín, group leader at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) and CSIC research professor, links ubiquitin receptors for the first time with the regulation of gene expression. This discovery, published today in Nature Communications, opens up a double...
https://www.biyologlar.com/discovery-of-an-unexpected-function-of-a-protein-linked-to-neurodegenerative-diseases -
Discovery of an unexpected function of a protein linked to neurodegenerative diseases
Until today, the proteins known as ubiquitin receptors have been associated mainly with protein degradation, a basic cell cleaning process. A new function now described for the protein dDsk2 by the team headed by Ferran Azorín, group leader at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) and CSIC research professor, links ubiquitin receptors for the first time with the regulation of gene expression. This discovery, published today in Nature Communications, opens up a double...
https://www.biyologlar.com/discovery-of-an-unexpected-function-of-a-protein-linked-to-neurodegenerative-diseases -
Proteomics identifies DNA repair toolbox
During each cell division, more than 3.3 billion base pairs of genomic DNA have to be duplicated and segregated accurately to daughter cells. But what happens when the DNA template is damaged in such a way that the replication machinery gets stuck?
https://www.biyologlar.com/proteomics-identifies-dna-repair-toolbox -
Discovery of an embryonic switch for cancer stem cell generation
An international team of scientists, headed by researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine and UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, report that decreases in a specific group of proteins trigger changes in the cancer microenvironment that accelerate growth and development of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). The discovery suggests the basis for a potential new therapeutic approach to eradicate blood cancers, which affect more than 1.1 million Americans. In fact, researchers found...
https://www.biyologlar.com/discovery-of-an-embryonic-switch-for-cancer-stem-cell-generation -
Odd histone helps suppress jumping genes in stem cells, study says
A family of proteins known as histones provides support and structure to DNA, but for years, scientists have been puzzling over occasional outliers among these histones, which appear to exist for specific, but often mysterious reasons. Now, researchers have uncovered a new purpose for one such histone variant: preventing genetic mutations by keeping certain so-called "jumping genes" in place. This research, which began at Rockefeller University and was published May 4 in Nature, reveals a...
https://www.biyologlar.com/odd-histone-helps-suppress-jumping-genes-in-stem-cells-study-says -
Hacking the programs of cancer stem cells
All tumor cells are the offspring of a single, aberrant cell, but they are not all alike. Only a few retain the capacity of the original cell to create an entire tumor.
https://www.biyologlar.com/hacking-the-programs-of-cancer-stem-cells -
Decaying RNA molecules tell a story
Once messenger RNA (mRNA) has done its job - conveying the information to produce the proteins necessary for a cell to function - it is no longer required and is degraded. Scientists have long thought that the decay started after translation was complete and that decaying RNA molecules provided little biological information. Now a team from EMBL Heidelberg and Stanford University led by Lars Steinmetz has turned this on its head in an article published in Cell. The researchers have shown that...
https://www.biyologlar.com/decaying-rna-molecules-tell-a-story -
Perfecting a viral pack mule
Viruses aren't always bad. In fact, scientists can harness the capabilities of some viruses for good--modifying the viruses to carry drug molecules, for example. One useful virus has been cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant pathogen that can be modified to aid in tumor detection and even chemotherapy. In a new study, published online ahead of print in the journal Structure, researchers at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) report that, based on its structure, a hollowed-out version of CPMV...
https://www.biyologlar.com/perfecting-a-viral-pack-mule -
Researchers identify unique marker on mom's chromosomes in early embryo
Researchers in the University of Georgia's Regenerative Bioscience Center are visually capturing the first process of chromosome alignment and separation at the beginning of mouse development. The findings could lead to answers to questions concerning the mechanisms leading to birth defects and chromosome instability in cancer cells. "We've generated a model that is unique in the world," said Rabindranath De La Fuente, an associate professor in the UGA College of Veterinary Medicine. "Because...
https://www.biyologlar.com/researchers-identify-unique-marker-on-moms-chromosomes-in-early-embryo -
Griffith uses 3-D tissue engineering to revolutionize dental disease
The discomfort and stigma of loose or missing teeth could be a thing of the past as Griffith University researchers pioneer the use of 3D bioprinting to replace missing teeth and bone. The three-year study, which has been granted a National Health and Medical Research Council Grant of $650,000, is being undertaken by periodontist Professor Saso Ivanovski from Griffith's Menzies Health Institute Queensland. As part of an Australian first, Professor Ivanovski and his team are using the latest...
https://www.biyologlar.com/griffith-uses-3-d-tissue-engineering-to-revolutionize-dental-disease -
Small molecules change biological clock rhythm
A team of chemists and biologists at the Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University have succeeded in finding new molecules that change the circadian rhythm in mammals by applying synthetic chemistry methods, which makes use of highly selective metal catalysts. Most living organisms have a biological clock with an approximately 24-hour circadian rhythm, which regulates important body functions such as sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Disruption of...
https://www.biyologlar.com/small-molecules-change-biological-clock-rhythm -
Spider and centipede venom evolved from insulin-like hormone
Funnel-web spider venom contains powerful neurotoxins that instantly paralyze prey (usually insects). Millions of years ago, however, this potent poison was just a hormone that helped ancestors of these spiders regulate sugar metabolism, similar to the role of insulin in humans. Surprisingly, this hormone's weaponization--described on June 11 in the journal Structure--occurred in arachnids as well as centipedes, but in different ways. Researchers at the University of Queensland in Australia...
https://www.biyologlar.com/spider-and-centipede-venom-evolved-from-insulin-like-hormone -
A microtubule 'roadway' in the retina helps provide energy for vision
Researchers have discovered a thick band of microtubules in certain neurons in the retina that they believe acts as a transport road for mitochondria that help provide energy required for visual processing. The findings appear in the July issue of The Journal of General Physiology. The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of the eye that converts light into nerve impulses. The retina contains small, specialized neurons called bipolar cells that transmit information from light-sensitive...
https://www.biyologlar.com/a-microtubule-roadway-in-the-retina-helps-provide-energy-for-vision -
Stem cell transplant from young to old can heal stomach ulcers
Bethesda, MD (June 16, 2016) -- Basic and translational research paves the way for breakthroughs that can ultimately change patient care. Three new studies from Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CMGH) -- AGA's basic and translational open-access journal -- provide a glimpse into future treatment strategies for stomach ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease and alcoholic liver disease. Please find summaries below. To speak with the journal authors, please email...
https://www.biyologlar.com/stem-cell-transplant-from-young-to-old-can-heal-stomach-ulcers -
Hybrid cells cause chaos around cancers
Rice University researchers have built a simulation to show how cancerous tumors manipulate blood-vessel growth for their own benefit. Like all cells, those in tumors need access to the body's fine network of blood vessels to bring them oxygen and carry away waste. Tumors have learned to game the process called angiogenesis in which new vessels sprout from existing ones, like branches from a tree. But some details have been hidden until now. The ability to stop tumors through...
https://www.biyologlar.com/hybrid-cells-cause-chaos-around-cancers -
New procedure allows long-term culturing of adult stem cells
A new procedure developed at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) may revolutionize the culturing of adult stem cells. In their report that has been published online prior to its appearance in the August 6 issue of Cell Stem Cell, the team describes generating and expanding airway stem cells from the sorts of tissue samples collected during routine treatment of lung disorders. The overall approach appears applicable to several other tissue types, including skin and the linings of the...
https://www.biyologlar.com/new-procedure-allows-long-term-culturing-of-adult-stem-cells -
DNA protection, inch by inch
DNA within reproductive cells is protected through a clever system of find and destroy: new research published in Cell Reports today lifts the veil on how this is done. A European team of scientists has discovered how the cells produce tiny pieces of RNA - called piRNA - that identify and silence 'jumping genes' or transposons: genes that are able to change their position within the genome and therefore alter or disrupt the genetic code. Comprising just 30 letters of genetic code, piRNA are...
https://www.biyologlar.com/dna-protection-inch-by-inch -
Gene fuels age-related obesity and diabetes
Practically everyone gets fatter as they get older, but some people can blame their genes for the extra padding. Researchers have shown that two different mutations in a gene called ankyrin-B cause cells to suck up glucose faster than normal, fattening them up and eventually triggering the type of diabetes linked to obesity. The more severe of the two mutations, called R1788W, is carried by nearly one million Americans. The milder mutation, known as L1622I, is shared by seven percent of the...
https://www.biyologlar.com/gene-fuels-age-related-obesity-and-diabetes -
Gene controls regeneration of injured muscle by adult stem cells
A key gene enables the repair of injured muscle throughout life. This is the finding of a study in mice led by researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center and the University of Colorado at Boulder, and published online July 21 in Cell Reports.
https://www.biyologlar.com/gene-controls-regeneration-of-injured-muscle-by-adult-stem-cells -
Embryonic gene Nanog reverses aging in adult stem cells
The images above show, from left to right, functioning stem cells, stem cells no longer functioning due to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS), and stem cells previously not functioning
https://www.biyologlar.com/embryonic-gene-nanog-reverses-aging-in-adult-stem-cells -
Embryonic gene Nanog reverses aging in adult stem cells
The images above show, from left to right, functioning stem cells, stem cells no longer functioning due to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS), and stem cells previously not functioning
https://www.biyologlar.com/embryonic-gene-nanog-reverses-aging-in-adult-stem-cells -
Thousands on one chip: New method to study proteins
Protein microarrays like this allow the investigation of thousands of proteins in a single experiment. Microarrays are only a few centimeters in size and host thousands of individual test spots...
https://www.biyologlar.com/thousands-on-one-chip-new-method-to-study-proteins -
Thousands on one chip: New method to study proteins
Protein microarrays like this allow the investigation of thousands of proteins in a single experiment. Microarrays are only a few centimeters in size and host thousands of individual test spots...
https://www.biyologlar.com/thousands-on-one-chip-new-method-to-study-proteins -
Uncovering the secrets of immune system invaders
The human immune system is a powerful and wonderful creation. If you cut your skin, your body mobilizes a series of different proteins and cells to heal the cut. If you are infected by a virus or bacteria, your immune system responds with a series of cells that attack the invader and neutralize it. But sometimes invaders find ways to exploit the very cells that are designed to protect us. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and its lesser-known (and less virulent) relative Mycobacterium...
https://www.biyologlar.com/uncovering-the-secrets-of-immune-system-invaders -
Atomic view of microtubules
Microtubules, hollow fibers of tubulin protein only a few nanometers in diameter, form the cytoskeletons of living cells and play a crucial role in cell division (mitosis) through their ability to undergo rapid growth and shrinkage, a property called "dynamic instability." Through a combination of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and a unique methodology for image analysis, a team of researchers with Berkeley Lab and the University of California (UC) Berkeley has produced an...
https://www.biyologlar.com/atomic-view-of-microtubules -
Purest yet liver-like cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells
This image shows induced pluripotent stem cells expressing a characteristic cell surface protein called SSEA4 (green).
https://www.biyologlar.com/purest-yet-liver-like-cells-generated-from-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells -
Purest yet liver-like cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells
This image shows induced pluripotent stem cells expressing a characteristic cell surface protein called SSEA4 (green).
https://www.biyologlar.com/purest-yet-liver-like-cells-generated-from-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells -
Alert to biologists: Ribosomes can translate the 'untranslated region' of messenger RNA
In what appears to be an unexpected challenge to a long-accepted fact of biology, Johns Hopkins researchers say they have found that ribosomes -- the molecular machines in all cells that build proteins -- can sometimes do so even within the so-called untranslated regions of the ribbons of genetic material known as messenger RNA (mRNA). "This is an exciting find that generates a whole new set of questions for researchers," says Rachel Green, Ph.D., a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator...
https://www.biyologlar.com/alert-to-biologists-ribosomes-can-translate-the-untranslated-region-of-messenger-rna -
New mechanisms of self-organization in living cells
Chromosome is a structure inside the cell nucleus that carries a large part of the genetic information and is responsible for its storage, transfer and implementation. Chromosome is formed from a very long DNA molecule - a double chain of a plurality of genes. Given that the diameter of the cell nucleus is usually around hundredth of a millimeter or even less, while the total length of DNA constituting human genome is about two meters, it is clear that DNA must be packaged very...
https://www.biyologlar.com/new-mechanisms-of-self-organization-in-living-cells -
Scientists blueprint tiny cellular 'nanomachine'
Scientists have drawn up molecular blueprints of a tiny cellular 'nanomachine', whose evolution is an extraordinary feat of nature, by using one of the brightest X-ray sources on Earth. The scientists produced the structural map of this nanomachine - diacylglycerol kinase - by using a "hit and run" crystallography technique. In doing so, they have been able to understand how the tiny enzyme performs critical cellular duties - answering questions that have been on the table for over 50 years...
https://www.biyologlar.com/scientists-blueprint-tiny-cellular-nanomachine -
Solucanlar; Platyhelminthes ( Yassı ), Anelida (halkalı ), Aschelminthes (yuvarlak solucanlar)
Solucan sınıfı Platyhelminthes (yassı solucanlar), Anelida (halkalı solucanlar), Aschelminthes (yuvarlak solucanlar) ve Pogonophora (sakallı solucanlar) filumlarını kapsar. Bazen Aschelminthes grubunu oluşturan Nematoda (iplik solucanlar), Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha ve Pripalida sınıfları filum düzeyine yükseltilerek sınıflandırılmaktadır. Yer solucanları, Oligochaeta sınıfından halkalı solucanların karada yaşayan en tanınmış üyeleridir. Solucanların...
https://www.biyologlar.com/solucanlar-platyhelminthes-yassi-anelida-halkali-aschelminthes-yuvarlak-solucanlar -
A new twist in genetic switches
Rice University researchers have a new twist for those clinging to old ideas about a basic biological process. The Rice lab of theoretical biological physicist Peter Wolynes reported this week that the activity of a master regulator in cells is determined by kinetics, a notion that counters decades-old classical models in molecular biology that attribute the control of genetic processes to the thermodynamics of biochemical reactions. The genetic switch in question relies on a recently...
https://www.biyologlar.com/a-new-twist-in-genetic-switches -
Two proteins control the growth of the heart and its adaptation to high blood pressure
Researchers at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) have identified how two proteins control the growth of the heart and its adaptation to high blood pressure (hypertension). Lead investigator Dr. Guadalupe Sabio explains that the results, described in Nature Communications, not only increase our understanding of the mechanisms used by cardiac cells to grow and adapt, but could also help in the design of new strategies to treat heart failure caused by...
https://www.biyologlar.com/two-proteins-control-the-growth-of-the-heart-and-its-adaptation-to-high-blood-pressure -
Scientists discover protein's starring role in genome stability, and possibly cancer prevention
If you have a soft spot for unsung heroes, you'll love a DNA repair protein called XPG. Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) discovered that XPG plays a previously unknown and critical role helping to maintain genome stability in human cells. Their findings also raise the possibility that the protein helps prevent breast, ovarian, and other cancers associated with defective BRCA genes. The research, which is published online Jan....
https://www.biyologlar.com/scientists-discover-proteins-starring-role-in-genome-stability-and-possibly-cancer-prevention