Toplam 164 içerik listeleniyor
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Cells are crawling all over our bodies, but how?
For better and for worse, human health depends on a cell's motility –– the ability to crawl from place to place. In every human body, millions of cells –are crawling around doing mostly good deeds ––– though if any of those crawlers are cancerous, watch out.
https://www.biyologlar.com/cells-are-crawling-all-over-our-bodies-but-how -
The genetic evolution of Zika virus
This is a phylogenetic tree constructed from nucleotide data from 41 viral complete ORF sequences of ZIKV strains An analysis comparing the individual differences between over 40 strains of Zika virus (30 isolated from humans, 10 from mosquitoes, and 1 from monkeys) has identified significant changes in both amino acid and nucleotide sequences during the past half-century. The data, published April 15 in Cell Host & Microbe, support a strong divergence between the Asian and African lineages as...
https://www.biyologlar.com/the-genetic-evolution-of-zika-virus-haber-8121 -
West Coast scientists sound alarm for changing ocean chemistry
This is an oyster at Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery in Netarts Bay, Oregon. The ocean chemistry along the West Coast of North America is changing rapidly because of global carbon dioxide emissions, and the governments of Oregon, California, Washington and British Columbia can take actions now to offset and mitigate the effects of these changes.
https://www.biyologlar.com/west-coast-scientists-sound-alarm-for-changing-ocean-chemistry-haber-8726 -
The Genetic Structure of Anatolia: From the Neolithic to the Oghuz Migrations
Anatolia has witnessed many migrations and has been home to a variety of civilizations. The increasing availability of ancient DNA samples from different periods and cultures makes it now possible to examine the genetic changes that have taken place in Anatolia since the Neolithic. The ancient DNA revolution has already dispelled many myths, but myths and legends die hard. Some of the more persistent ones concern the impact of the last migration wave to hit Anatolia, marked by the arrival of...
https://www.biyologlar.com/the-genetic-structure-of-anatolia-from-the-neolithic-to-the-oghuz-migrations -
RNA from Trained Aplysia Can Induce an Epigenetic Engram for Long-Term Sensitization in Untrained Aplysia.
Abstract The precise nature of the engram, the physical substrate of memory, remains uncertain. Here, it is reported that RNA extracted from the central nervous system of Aplysia given long-term sensitization training induced sensitization when injected into untrained animals; furthermore, the RNA-induced sensitization, like training-induced sensitization, required DNA methylation. In cellular experiments, treatment with RNA extracted from trained animals was found to increase excitability...
https://www.biyologlar.com/rna-from-trained-aplysia-can-induce-an-epigenetic-engram-for-long-term-sensitization-in-untrained-aplysia- -
RNA from Trained Aplysia Can Induce an Epigenetic Engram for Long-Term Sensitization in Untrained Aplysia.
Abstract The precise nature of the engram, the physical substrate of memory, remains uncertain. Here, it is reported that RNA extracted from the central nervous system of Aplysia given long-term sensitization training induced sensitization when injected into untrained animals; furthermore, the RNA-induced sensitization, like training-induced sensitization, required DNA methylation. In cellular experiments, treatment with RNA extracted from trained animals was found to increase excitability...
https://www.biyologlar.com/rna-from-trained-aplysia-can-induce-an-epigenetic-engram-for-long-term-sensitization-in-untrained-aplysia- -
Coral reefs in Palau surprisingly resistant to naturally acidified waters
Ocean researchers working on the coral reefs of Palau in 2011 and 2012 made two unexpected discoveries that could provide insight into corals' resistance and resilience to ocean acidification, and aid in the creation of a plan to protect them. The team collected water samples at nine points along a transect that stretched from the open ocean, across the barrier reef, into the lagoon and then into the bays and inlets around the Rock Islands of Palau, in the western Pacific Ocean. With each...
https://www.biyologlar.com/coral-reefs-in-palau-surprisingly-resistant-to-naturally-acidified-waters -
Satellites show 'total' California water storage at near-decade low
Updates to satellite data show that California's Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins are at near decade-low water storage levels. These and other findings on the State's dwindling water resources were documented in an advisory report released today from the UC Center for Hydrologic Modeling (UCCHM) at the University of California, Irvine. Responding to Governor Jerry Brown's recent declaration of a drought emergency in California, a team of UCCHM researchers has updated its research on the...
https://www.biyologlar.com/satellites-show-total-california-water-storage-at-near-decade-low -
Blocking cells' movement to stop the spread of cancer
Insights into how cells move through the body could lead to innovative techniques to stop cancer cells from spreading and causing secondary tumours, according to new UCL research. Scientists discovered that cells can change into an invasive, liquid-like state to readily navigate the narrow channels in our body. This transformation is triggered by chemical signals, which could be blocked in order to stop cancer cells from spreading. Most cancer deaths are not due to primary tumours, but to...
https://www.biyologlar.com/blocking-cells-movement-to-stop-the-spread-of-cancer -
New resource makes gene-editing technology even more user friendly
Researchers at Harvard University and the University of California, San Diego, have developed a new user-friendly resource to accompany the powerful gene editing tool called CRISPR/Cas9, which has been widely adopted to make precise, targeted changes in DNA. This breakthrough has the potential to facilitate new discoveries in gene therapies and basic genetics research. The research was published in the July 13 issue of Nature Methods. The study describes an approach to simplify a laborious...
https://www.biyologlar.com/new-resource-makes-gene-editing-technology-even-more-user-friendly -
PCR Mutagenesis
PCR can be used to make changes to the nucleotide sequence of DNA. This is called PCR mutagenesis. Site-direct mutagenesis is one kind of PCR mutagenesis, which introduces a mutation at a specific location on the DNA strand.
https://www.biyologlar.com/pcr-mutagenesis -
Scientists discover how 'jumping genes' help black truffles adapt to their environment
Black truffles, also known as Périgord truffles, grow in symbiosis with the roots of oak and hazelnut trees. In the world of haute cuisine, they are expensive and highly prized. In the world of epigenetics, however, the fungi (Tuber melanosporum) are of major interest for another reason: their unique pattern of DNA methylation, a biochemical process that chemically modifies nucleic acids without changing their sequence. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression caused by...
https://www.biyologlar.com/scientists-discover-how-jumping-genes-help-black-truffles-adapt-to-their-environment -
Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast
Picture this: A massive asteroid almost as wide as Rhode Island and about three to five times larger than the rock thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs slams into Earth. The collision punches a crater into the planet's crust that's nearly 500 kilometers (about 300 miles) across: greater than the distance from Washington, D.C. to New York City, and up to two and a half times larger in diameter than the hole formed by the dinosaur-killing asteroid. Seismic waves bigger than any recorded...
https://www.biyologlar.com/scientists-reconstruct-ancient-impact-that-dwarfs-dinosaur-extinction-blast -
Simple technology makes CRISPR gene editing cheaper
University of California, Berkeley, researchers have discovered a much cheaper and easier way to target a hot new gene editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9, to cut or label DNA. The CRISPR-Cas9 technique, invented three years ago at UC Berkeley, has taken genomics by storm, with its ability to latch on to a very specific sequence of DNA and cut it, inactivating genes with ease. This has great promise for targeted gene therapy to cure genetic diseases, and for discovering the causes of disease. The...
https://www.biyologlar.com/simple-technology-makes-crispr-gene-editing-cheaper -
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows researchers to amplify DNA in a test tube. This process uses an enzyme derived from heat-resistant bacteria. The steps of PCR are driven by changes in temperature. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a process where many copies of a specific piece of DNA can be made. This is known as amplification. Double-stranded DNA (red) unwinds and separates when the temperature is increased....
https://www.biyologlar.com/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr -
Cecropia Güve Yaşam Döngüsü
Cecropia Güve Yaşam Döngüsü Meditate and wonder; Experience the marvel of a complete metamorphosis while listening to sumptuous music of Debussy and Holst. Witness events common to nature but rarely seen. Cecropia moth lifecycle metamorphosis is chronicled in detail. See a caterpillar eat its way out of the egg. Look as a larva changes from black; then yellow; to showing patterns and hues of orange, black, yellow, blue and green. Watch the caterpillar work out of its old 4rth instar...
https://www.biyologlar.com/cecropia-guve-yasam-dongusu -
Surprising global species shake-up discovered
The diversity of the world's life forms — from corals to carnivores — is under assault. Decades of scientific studies document the fraying of ecosystems and a grim tally of species extinctions due to destroyed habitat, pollution, climate change, invasives and overharvesting. Which makes a recent report in the journal Science rather surprising. Nick Gotelli, a professor at the University of Vermont, with colleagues from Saint Andrews University, Scotland, and the University of Maine,...
https://www.biyologlar.com/surprising-global-species-shake-up-discovered -
ARITMA TESİSLERİ VE PROTOZOA
Çalışma metodları birbirinden farklı olsa da arıtma tesislerinin tamamı çeşitli protozoon gruplarını barındırır (Çizelge 1). Biyolojik unsurlar organik madde üzerinden beslenerek organik maddenin topaklaşmasını ve çökmesini sağlarlar. Bakteri bu maddelerin sıvı fazdan uzaklaştırılmasında rol alan en etkin organizma grubunu oluştur. Protozoonlar, atık su arıtma sistemlerinde biyolojik parçalanmadan sorumlu bakteriler üzerinden beslendiklerinden dolayı, önceleri...
https://www.biyologlar.com/aritma-tesisleri-ve-protozoa -
Long-term changes in dead wood reveal new forest dynamics
Healthy forest ecosystems need dead wood to provide important habitat for birds and mammals, but there can be too much of a good thing when dead wood fuels severe wildfires. A scientist with the U.S. Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station (PSW) compared historic and recent data from a forest in California's central Sierra Nevada region to determine how logging and fire exclusion have changed the amounts and sizes of dead wood over time. Results were recently published in Forest...
https://www.biyologlar.com/long-term-changes-in-dead-wood-reveal-new-forest-dynamics -
Logging means ants, worms and other invertebrates lose rainforest dominance
Invertebrates perform essential functions for the smooth running of the ecosystems in tropical forests. For example, creatures such as termites and millipedes help dead leaves decompose and release their nutrients back into the soil, and carnivorous ants and spiders act as predators of herbivorous invertebrates that would otherwise munch through all the foliage. Nearly a half of all tropical rainforests worldwide have been logged, and this often causes heavy changes to the number and type of...
https://www.biyologlar.com/logging-means-ants-worms-and-other-invertebrates-lose-rainforest-dominance -
Epigenetic signatures that differentiate triple-negative breast cancers
The new study, published in Nature Communications, compares the breast cancer DNA 'methylome' with that of healthy individuals. The methylome provides a new picture of the genome and shows how it is epigenetically 'decorated' with methyl groups, a process known as DNA 'methylation'.
https://www.biyologlar.com/epigenetic-signatures-that-differentiate-triple-negative-breast-cancers -
Fishing impacts on the Great Barrier Reef
New research shows that fishing is having a significant impact on the make-up of fish populations of the Great Barrier Reef. It's long been known that environmental impacts such as climate change and pollution are amongst the drivers of change on the Great Barrier Reef. Now researchers from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (Coral CoE) at James Cook University have found that removing predatory fish such as coral trout and snapper, through fishing, causes significant changes...
https://www.biyologlar.com/fishing-impacts-on-the-great-barrier-reef -
Jeofiziksel değil, çevresel bir bariyer: Anadolu Diyagonali
Şekil 1. Anadolu ve yakın çevresinde biyolojik çeşitlilik sıcak noktaları.
https://www.biyologlar.com/jeofiziksel-degil-cevresel-bir-bariyer-anadolu-diyagonali -
Broad, MIT scientists overcome key CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing hurdle
Researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT have engineered changes to the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system that significantly cut down on "off-target" editing errors. The refined technique addresses one of the major technical issues in the use of genome editing. The CRISPR-Cas9 system works by making a precisely targeted modification in a cell's DNA. The protein Cas9 alters the DNA at a location that is specified by...
https://www.biyologlar.com/broad-mit-scientists-overcome-key-crispr-cas9-genome-editing-hurdle -
Neurons constantly rewrite their DNA
Johns Hopkins scientists have discovered that neurons are risk takers: They use minor "DNA surgeries" to toggle their activity levels all day, every day. Since these activity levels are important in learning, memory and brain disorders, the researchers think their finding will shed light on a range of important questions. A summary of the study will be published online in the journal Nature Neuroscience on April 27. "We used to think that once a cell reaches full maturation, its DNA is totally...
https://www.biyologlar.com/neurons-constantly-rewrite-their-dna -
Brazilian beef industry moves to reduce its destruction of rain forests
Expansion of cattle pastures has led to the destruction of huge swaths of rain forest in Brazil, home to the world's largest herd of commercial beef cattle. But a new study led by the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Holly Gibbs shows that market-driven "zero deforestation agreements" have dramatically influenced the behavior of ranchers and the slaughterhouses to which they sell. Publishing today [May 12, 2015] in the journal Conservation Letters, the research team - including other...
https://www.biyologlar.com/brazilian-beef-industry-moves-to-reduce-its-destruction-of-rain-forests -
Are embryonic stem cells and artificial stem cells equivalent?
Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School have found new evidence suggesting some human induced pluripotent stem cells are the 'functional equivalent' of human embryonic stem cells, a finding that may begin to settle a long running argument. The findings were published this week in Nature Biotechnology. From 1998 until 2007 embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were the only human cells known with the potential to become any other...
https://www.biyologlar.com/are-embryonic-stem-cells-and-artificial-stem-cells-equivalent -
Unpacking embryonic pluripotency
Researchers at EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and the Wellcome Trust- Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute at the University of Cambridge have identified factors that spark the formation of pluripotent cells.
https://www.biyologlar.com/unpacking-embryonic-pluripotency -
Shiny fish skin inspires nanoscale light reflectors
A nature-inspired method to model the reflection of light from the skin of silvery fish and other organisms may be possible, according to Penn State researchers. Such a technique may be applicable to developing better broadband reflectors and custom multi-spectral filters for a wide variety of applications, including advanced optical coatings for glass, laser protection, infrared imaging systems, optical communication systems and photovoltaics, according to Douglas Werner, John L. and...
https://www.biyologlar.com/shiny-fish-skin-inspires-nanoscale-light-reflectors -
Proteomics identifies DNA repair toolbox
During each cell division, more than 3.3 billion base pairs of genomic DNA have to be duplicated and segregated accurately to daughter cells. But what happens when the DNA template is damaged in such a way that the replication machinery gets stuck?
https://www.biyologlar.com/proteomics-identifies-dna-repair-toolbox -
Lab experiments question popular measure of ancient ocean temperatures
Understanding the planet's history is crucial if we are to predict its future. While some records are preserved in ice cores or tree rings, other records of the climate's ancient past are buried deep in the seafloor. An increasingly popular method to deduce historic sea surface temperatures uses sediment-entombed bodies of marine archaea, one of Earth's most ancient and resilient creatures, as a 150-million-year record of ocean temperatures. While other measures have gaps, this one is...
https://www.biyologlar.com/lab-experiments-question-popular-measure-of-ancient-ocean-temperatures -
Discovery of an embryonic switch for cancer stem cell generation
An international team of scientists, headed by researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine and UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, report that decreases in a specific group of proteins trigger changes in the cancer microenvironment that accelerate growth and development of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). The discovery suggests the basis for a potential new therapeutic approach to eradicate blood cancers, which affect more than 1.1 million Americans. In fact, researchers found...
https://www.biyologlar.com/discovery-of-an-embryonic-switch-for-cancer-stem-cell-generation -
Odd histone helps suppress jumping genes in stem cells, study says
A family of proteins known as histones provides support and structure to DNA, but for years, scientists have been puzzling over occasional outliers among these histones, which appear to exist for specific, but often mysterious reasons. Now, researchers have uncovered a new purpose for one such histone variant: preventing genetic mutations by keeping certain so-called "jumping genes" in place. This research, which began at Rockefeller University and was published May 4 in Nature, reveals a...
https://www.biyologlar.com/odd-histone-helps-suppress-jumping-genes-in-stem-cells-study-says -
Researchers enhance CRISPR gene editing technology
Scientists have developed a process that improves the efficiency of CRISPR, an up-and-coming technology used to edit DNA. "Scientists all over the world are using CRISPR right now in their studies, but the technology is not as functional as it could be," says Haoquan Wu, Ph.D., who enhanced the process and is a biomedical scientist at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso (TTUHSC El Paso). CRISPR is a groundbreaking technology that allows scientists to modify genes. Two key...
https://www.biyologlar.com/researchers-enhance-crispr-gene-editing-technology -
Nerve cells use each other as maps
When nerve cells form in an embryo they do not start off in the right place but have to be guided to their final position by navigating a kind of molecular and cellular "map" in order to function properly. In a recent research study published in Nature Communications neurobiologist Sara Wilson, Umeå University, found that during embryonic development different parts of the nerve cell are important for guiding other nerve cells into their physical positions. "We found nerve cells do this in...
https://www.biyologlar.com/nerve-cells-use-each-other-as-maps -
West Coast scientists sound alarm for changing ocean chemistry
The ocean chemistry along the West Coast of North America is changing rapidly because of global carbon dioxide emissions, and the governments of Oregon, California, Washington and British Columbia can take actions now to offset and mitigate the effects of these changes. That is the conclusion of a 20-member panel of leading West Coast ocean scientists, who presented a comprehensive report on Monday outlining a series of recommendations to address the increase in ocean acidification and...
https://www.biyologlar.com/west-coast-scientists-sound-alarm-for-changing-ocean-chemistry -
Small molecules change biological clock rhythm
A team of chemists and biologists at the Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University have succeeded in finding new molecules that change the circadian rhythm in mammals by applying synthetic chemistry methods, which makes use of highly selective metal catalysts. Most living organisms have a biological clock with an approximately 24-hour circadian rhythm, which regulates important body functions such as sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Disruption of...
https://www.biyologlar.com/small-molecules-change-biological-clock-rhythm -
Spider and centipede venom evolved from insulin-like hormone
Funnel-web spider venom contains powerful neurotoxins that instantly paralyze prey (usually insects). Millions of years ago, however, this potent poison was just a hormone that helped ancestors of these spiders regulate sugar metabolism, similar to the role of insulin in humans. Surprisingly, this hormone's weaponization--described on June 11 in the journal Structure--occurred in arachnids as well as centipedes, but in different ways. Researchers at the University of Queensland in Australia...
https://www.biyologlar.com/spider-and-centipede-venom-evolved-from-insulin-like-hormone -
These gigantic whales have nerves like bungee cords
Nerves aren't known for being stretchy. In fact, "nerve stretch injury" is a common form of trauma in humans. But researchers reporting in
https://www.biyologlar.com/these-gigantic-whales-have-nerves-like-bungee-cords -
Stem cell transplant from young to old can heal stomach ulcers
Bethesda, MD (June 16, 2016) -- Basic and translational research paves the way for breakthroughs that can ultimately change patient care. Three new studies from Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CMGH) -- AGA's basic and translational open-access journal -- provide a glimpse into future treatment strategies for stomach ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease and alcoholic liver disease. Please find summaries below. To speak with the journal authors, please email...
https://www.biyologlar.com/stem-cell-transplant-from-young-to-old-can-heal-stomach-ulcers -
DNA protection, inch by inch
DNA within reproductive cells is protected through a clever system of find and destroy: new research published in Cell Reports today lifts the veil on how this is done. A European team of scientists has discovered how the cells produce tiny pieces of RNA - called piRNA - that identify and silence 'jumping genes' or transposons: genes that are able to change their position within the genome and therefore alter or disrupt the genetic code. Comprising just 30 letters of genetic code, piRNA are...
https://www.biyologlar.com/dna-protection-inch-by-inch -
How our gut changes across the life course
Scientists and clinicians on the Norwich Research Park have carried out the first detailed study of how our intestinal tract changes as we age, and how this determines our overall health. As well as digesting food, the gut plays a central role in programming our immune system, and provides an effective barrier to bacteria that could make us ill. In particular, immune cells that line the gut work to maintain the integrity of the barrier, as well as maintaining a balance that provides a healthy...
https://www.biyologlar.com/how-our-gut-changes-across-the-life-course -
Gene fuels age-related obesity and diabetes
Practically everyone gets fatter as they get older, but some people can blame their genes for the extra padding. Researchers have shown that two different mutations in a gene called ankyrin-B cause cells to suck up glucose faster than normal, fattening them up and eventually triggering the type of diabetes linked to obesity. The more severe of the two mutations, called R1788W, is carried by nearly one million Americans. The milder mutation, known as L1622I, is shared by seven percent of the...
https://www.biyologlar.com/gene-fuels-age-related-obesity-and-diabetes -
Tara Oceans expedition yields treasure trove of plankton data
In five related reports in this issue of the journal Science, a multinational team of researchers who spent three and a half years sampling the ocean's sunlit upper layers aboard the schooner Tara unveil the first officially reported global analyses of the Tara Oceans consortium. Planktonic life in the ocean is far more diverse than scientists knew, these reports show. They provide new resources for cataloguing the ocean's numerous planktonic organisms, which -- though critical to life on...
https://www.biyologlar.com/tara-oceans-expedition-yields-treasure-trove-of-plankton-data -
Gene controls regeneration of injured muscle by adult stem cells
A key gene enables the repair of injured muscle throughout life. This is the finding of a study in mice led by researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center and the University of Colorado at Boulder, and published online July 21 in Cell Reports.
https://www.biyologlar.com/gene-controls-regeneration-of-injured-muscle-by-adult-stem-cells -
Tiny genetic tweak unlocked corn kernels during domestication
If not for a single genetic mutation, each kernel on a juicy corn cob would be trapped inside a inedible casing as tough as a walnut shell. The mutation switches one amino acid for another at a specific position in a protein regulating formation of these shells in modern corn's wild ancestor, according to a study published in the July 2015 issue of GENETICS, a publication of the Genetics Society of America. "Humans completely reshaped the ancestor of corn, effectively turning the cob inside...
https://www.biyologlar.com/tiny-genetic-tweak-unlocked-corn-kernels-during-domestication -
Lowly 'new girl' chimps form stronger female bonds
Low-ranking "new girl" chimpanzees seek out other gal pals with similar status, finds a new study of social relationships in the wild apes. The study is available online and is scheduled to appear in the July 2015 issue of the journal Animal Behaviour. Unlike most primates, female chimps are loners compared to males. "They spend about half their time alone or with dependent kids," said Duke University research scientist Steffen Foerster, who co-authored the study. "Chimpanzee females' more...
https://www.biyologlar.com/lowly-new-girl-chimps-form-stronger-female-bonds -
Missing link found between brain, immune system -- with major disease implications
Vessels directly connecting brain, lymphatic system exist despite decades of doctrine that they don't Finding may have substantial implications for major neurological diseases Game-changing discovery opens new areas of research, transforms existing ones Major gap in understanding of the human body revealed 'They'll have to change the textbooks' CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va., June 1, 2015 - In a stunning discovery that overturns decades of textbook teaching, researchers at the University of...
https://www.biyologlar.com/missing-link-found-between-brain-immune-system-with-major-disease-implications -
Researchers discover how petunias know when to smell good
Good timing is a matter of skill. You would certainly dress up for an afternoon business meeting, but not an evening session of binge-watching Netflix. If you were just a few hours off in your wardrobe timing, your spouse might wonder why you slipped into a stiff business suit to watch "House of Cards." While humans are alone in their struggle to balance work and Netflix, all creatures wrestle with proper timing. With limited resources, organisms are pressed to use time wisely in all aspects...
https://www.biyologlar.com/researchers-discover-how-petunias-know-when-to-smell-good -
New mechanisms of self-organization in living cells
Chromosome is a structure inside the cell nucleus that carries a large part of the genetic information and is responsible for its storage, transfer and implementation. Chromosome is formed from a very long DNA molecule - a double chain of a plurality of genes. Given that the diameter of the cell nucleus is usually around hundredth of a millimeter or even less, while the total length of DNA constituting human genome is about two meters, it is clear that DNA must be packaged very...
https://www.biyologlar.com/new-mechanisms-of-self-organization-in-living-cells